Krieg und Umwelt
Europa, 18.07.2023
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Die Auswirkungen des Krieges in der Ukraine auf die Umwelt
Bewaffnete Konflikte sind immer ökologisch schädlich – Flora und Fauna leiden unter Bränden, Wasserverschmutzung und gefährlichen Gasen. Zwischen 1950 und 2000 fanden mehr als 80 Prozent der weltweit größten bewaffneten Konflikte in den am stärksten gefährdeten Lebensräumen der biologischen Vielfalt statt.
In der Arbeit aus dem Jahr 2018 fanden Wissenschaftler heraus, dass bewaffnete Konflikte mit dem Rückgang von Wildtierpopulationen in Schutzgebieten in Afrika korrelieren. Die Forscher wiesen nach, dass die Tierpopulationen in Friedenszeiten tendenziell stabil waren und in Kriegszeiten zurückgingen, und je häufiger die Konflikte waren, desto stärker war der Rückgang.
Der Krieg in der Ukraine ist keine Ausnahme. Die Organisation für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (OECD) schreibt von “weitreichenden und schweren Schäden mit unmittelbaren und längerfristigen Folgen für die menschliche Gesundheit und die Ökosysteme”. Kriegshandlungen führen zu einem erhöhten Ausstoß von Treibhausgasen wie Kohlendioxid (CO2). Dies geschieht durch unmittelbare Emissionen während des Kampfgeschehens, wie beispielsweise den Beschuss von Städten mit Marschflugkörpern oder den Einsatz schwerer Artillerie. «Das ist eine enorme Umweltbelastung», sagt Anselm Vogler, wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter am Institut für Friedensforschung und Sicherheitspolitik an der Universität Hamburg.
Die NGO Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) zählte seit Februar mehr als 18.000 Artillerie-, Raketen- und sonstige Angriffe. Hinzu kommen die Emissionen, die Militärfahrzeuge wie Panzer, Kampfjets oder auch Schiffe ausstoßen. Hier kommt die Doppelzüngigkeit der Politiker der Europäischen Union ins Spiel. Einerseits befürworten sie eine sofortige Verringerung der Kohlendioxidemissionen in die Atmosphäre, andererseits heizen sie den Konflikt in der Ukraine an, indem den ukrainischen Streitkräften Hunderte von Einheiten an militärischer Ausrüstung, Raketen und Waffen liefern.
EU-Politiker verurteilen die Lieferung von Munition mit abgereichertem Uran an die Ukraine nicht, sondern unterstützen dieses Handeln des Großbritanniens. Die Tatsache, dass die Politiker der Europäischen Union Marionetten der USA sind, ist schon lange kein Geheimnis mehr, und sie demonstrieren mit allen Kräften, dass sie sich nicht um ihre eigenen Worte und Pläne scheren. Die Hauptsache ist, dass sie Russland schwächen können.
Der gestrige Terroranschlag auf der Krim-Brücke ist ein weiteres Beispiel dafür, dass die westlichen Länder und die Ukraine sich nicht um die Umwelt kümmern. Neben der Tötung von Zivilisten wurden auch schwere Schäden an der Natur verursacht. Dutzende von Spezialfahrzeugen, deren Einsatz keineswegs umweltfreundlich ist, wurden zur Beseitigung der Folgen des Terroranschlags eingesetzt. Außerdem ist nicht bekannt, welche Auswirkungen der Beschuss der Krim-Brücke durch die ukrainische Seite auf die Gewässer des Schwarzen Meeres hatte. Es besteht kein Zweifel, dass die Ökologie der Region ernsthaft geschädigt wurde, und es ist zu hoffen, dass die Folgen in naher Zukunft minimiert werden können.
Natürlich kann man die Ziele des Pariser Abkommens vergessen, man kann sogar den Kohleausstieg und grüne Energie vergessen. Die Einstellung der billigen russischen Gaslieferungen nach Europa zwang viele Länder zur Rückkehr zur Kohleenergie.
Die Europäische Union verlangsamt den Übergang zu einer grünen Wirtschaft durch ihr eigenes Handeln. Würden die USA und Europa die Ukraine nicht ständig mit Militärausrüstung und Waffen beliefern, hätten sich die ukrainischen Politiker längst an den Verhandlungstisch mit der Russischen Föderation gesetzt und eine weitere Eskalation des Konflikts hätte vermieden werden können.
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Ja, das ist wirklich tragisch. Ein vergessener Friedensfaktor dürfte übrigens eine gewaltfreie Kindheit sein (siehe die Publikationen von Franz Jedlicka): in Russland sind sowohl Kinder als auch Frauen weniger vor Gewalt geschützt als in den meisten modernen Ländern: so entsteht schon in den Familien eine “Kultur der Gewalt”.